{"id":6191,"date":"2025-04-07T11:10:02","date_gmt":"2025-04-07T03:10:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/?page_id=6191"},"modified":"2025-04-07T11:10:18","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T03:10:18","slug":"finance-policy-governance","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/","title":{"rendered":"Finance, Policy &#038; Governance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1>\n\t\tResearch\n\t<\/h1>\n<h2>\n\t\tFinance, Policy &#038; Governance\n\t<\/h2>\n<h2>\n\t\tOur Projects\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\">            <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6413\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Robyn-Project-Daisuke-Taira-5-scaled-e1744344167561-1024x794.jpg\" alt=\"Conservation of Mangroves for Climate Resilience\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/spears\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        SpEARS                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">Conservation of Mangroves for Climate Resilience<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/robyn-gwee\/\">Robyn Gwee<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>Mangroves offer a host of benefits such as protecting lives, supporting livelihoods and contributing to climate mitigation goals. Under climate change and future land-use changes, conservation strategies may need to be adapted to evolving pressures. My research focuses on quantifying benefits of mangroves, as well as assessing conservation strategies for mangrove ecosystems in the current and changing climate.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                            Geospatial Science                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                            Quantitative Sustainability                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6413\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6413\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/spears\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    SpEARS                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">Conservation of Mangroves for Climate Resilience<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/robyn-gwee\/\">Robyn Gwee<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Robyn-Project-Daisuke-Taira-5-scaled-e1744344167561-1024x794.jpg\" alt=\"Conservation of Mangroves for Climate Resilience\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>Mangroves offer a host of benefits such as protecting lives, supporting livelihoods and contributing to climate mitigation goals. Under climate change and future land-use changes, conservation strategies may need to be adapted to evolving pressures. My research focuses on quantifying benefits of mangroves, as well as assessing conservation strategies for mangrove ecosystems in the current and changing climate.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                                    Geospatial Science                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                                    Quantitative Sustainability                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6434\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Shakura-Project-IMG_0032-scaled-e1744351469464-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"Scaling High-Integrity Natural Climate Solutions in the Voluntary Carbon Market: Challenges and Opportunities\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        AEC                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">Scaling High-Integrity Natural Climate Solutions in the Voluntary Carbon Market: Challenges and Opportunities<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/shakura-bashir\/\">Shakura Bashir<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>This project aims to assess the environmental and social integrity of natural climate solutions through an inter-disciplinary approach. Key topics include factors influencing carbon credit certification, monitoring of biodiversity outcomes as well as the effectiveness of benefit-sharing mechanisms for local communities.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-biodiversity-conservation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/biodiversity-conservation\/\">\r\n                                            Biodiversity Conservation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                            Geospatial Science                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6434\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6434\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    AEC                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">Scaling High-Integrity Natural Climate Solutions in the Voluntary Carbon Market: Challenges and Opportunities<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/shakura-bashir\/\">Shakura Bashir<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Shakura-Project-IMG_0032-scaled-e1744351469464-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"Scaling High-Integrity Natural Climate Solutions in the Voluntary Carbon Market: Challenges and Opportunities\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>This project aims to assess the environmental and social integrity of natural climate solutions through an inter-disciplinary approach. Key topics include factors influencing carbon credit certification, monitoring of biodiversity outcomes as well as the effectiveness of benefit-sharing mechanisms for local communities.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-biodiversity-conservation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/biodiversity-conservation\/\">\r\n                                                    Biodiversity Conservation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                                    Geospatial Science                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-5981\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Steve-Project-DecisionTheatre-5-scaled-e1744349753859-1024x626.jpg\" alt=\"Charting the Future of High Forest Low Deforestation Jurisdictions\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        AEC                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">Charting the Future of High Forest Low Deforestation Jurisdictions<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/teo-hoong-chen\/\">Steve Hoong Chen Teo<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>HFLD jurisdictions are vital as they contain some of the world\u2019s last intact forests. However, these areas may experience increasing deforestation rates, which traditional carbon financing mechanisms based on historical baselines may not address adequately. In this project, we explore ways to improve HFLD crediting mechanisms to provide sufficient incentives for their protection while ensuring project integrity.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                            Geospatial Science                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                            Quantitative Sustainability                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-5981\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-5981\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    AEC                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">Charting the Future of High Forest Low Deforestation Jurisdictions<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/teo-hoong-chen\/\">Steve Hoong Chen Teo<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Steve-Project-DecisionTheatre-5-scaled-e1744349753859-1024x626.jpg\" alt=\"Charting the Future of High Forest Low Deforestation Jurisdictions\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>HFLD jurisdictions are vital as they contain some of the world\u2019s last intact forests. However, these areas may experience increasing deforestation rates, which traditional carbon financing mechanisms based on historical baselines may not address adequately. In this project, we explore ways to improve HFLD crediting mechanisms to provide sufficient incentives for their protection while ensuring project integrity.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                                    Geospatial Science                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                                    Quantitative Sustainability                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6419\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/SpEARS-Peiyang-Radhika-Sai-Project-PXL_20220518_224618826-1024x771.jpg\" alt=\"A Blue Carbon Framework for Singapore&#8217;s National Climate Change Policy\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/spears\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        SpEARS                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">A Blue Carbon Framework for Singapore&#8217;s National Climate Change Policy<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/qiao-peiyang\/\">Peiyang Qiao<\/a> <br> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/sai-qu\/\">Sai Qu<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>This project&#8217;s main aim is to understand the integration of blue carbon in Singapore&#8217;s national climate change mitigation targets. This project combines an interdisciplinary approach to mapping blue carbon at site and national scale, understanding changes in blue carbon and future projections. Public and private stakeholders are also engaged to create a roadmap of blue carbon as a climate change policy option for Singapore. This project is based in the Department of Geography.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                            Geospatial Science                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6419\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6419\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/spears\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    SpEARS                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">A Blue Carbon Framework for Singapore&#8217;s National Climate Change Policy<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/qiao-peiyang\/\">Peiyang Qiao<\/a> <br> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/sai-qu\/\">Sai Qu<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/SpEARS-Peiyang-Radhika-Sai-Project-PXL_20220518_224618826-1024x771.jpg\" alt=\"A Blue Carbon Framework for Singapore&#8217;s National Climate Change Policy\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>This project&#8217;s main aim is to understand the integration of blue carbon in Singapore&#8217;s national climate change mitigation targets. This project combines an interdisciplinary approach to mapping blue carbon at site and national scale, understanding changes in blue carbon and future projections. Public and private stakeholders are also engaged to create a roadmap of blue carbon as a climate change policy option for Singapore.<\/p>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bluecarbonsg.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project<\/a> is based in the Department of Geography.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                                    Geospatial Science                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6436\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Yasmine-Project-YMG_Coring-e1744352202153.jpeg\" alt=\"More than Mud: Unveiling the Ecosystem Services of Tidal Flats through a Transdisciplinary Approach\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        AEC                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">More than Mud: Unveiling the Ecosystem Services of Tidal Flats through a Transdisciplinary Approach<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/yasmine-gatt\/\">Yasmine Gatt<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>This project underscores the significance of tidal flats through a three-pronged approach. First, it assigns a monetary value to their ecosystem services; second, it quantifies their carbon storage potential and assesses their status as blue carbon ecosystems; and third, it evaluates how their cultural services contribute to human well-being.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                            Quantitative Sustainability                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6436\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6436\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    AEC                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">More than Mud: Unveiling the Ecosystem Services of Tidal Flats through a Transdisciplinary Approach<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/yasmine-gatt\/\">Yasmine Gatt<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Yasmine-Project-YMG_Coring-e1744352202153.jpeg\" alt=\"More than Mud: Unveiling the Ecosystem Services of Tidal Flats through a Transdisciplinary Approach\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>This project underscores the significance of tidal flats through a three-pronged approach. First, it assigns a monetary value to their ecosystem services; second, it quantifies their carbon storage potential and assesses their status as blue carbon ecosystems; and third, it evaluates how their cultural services contribute to human well-being.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                                    Quantitative Sustainability                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6423\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CISG-Project-IMG_20200210_123100-scaled-e1744348030599-1024x782.jpg\" alt=\"Carbon Market Integrity R&#038;D Programme Singapore (CISG)\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        AEC                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">Carbon Market Integrity R&#038;D Programme Singapore (CISG)<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/renee-lorica\/\">Renee Lorica<\/a> <br> CISG team<\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>Carbon Integrity SG is a research programme funded by the Singaporean government with a mission is to develop and strengthen capabilities in the accounting, monitoring, and quality assurance of nature-based carbon projects across Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                            Geospatial Science                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                            Quantitative Sustainability                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6423\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6423\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    AEC                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">Carbon Market Integrity R&#038;D Programme Singapore (CISG)<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/renee-lorica\/\">Renee Lorica<\/a> <br> CISG team<\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CISG-Project-IMG_20200210_123100-scaled-e1744348030599-1024x782.jpg\" alt=\"Carbon Market Integrity R&#038;D Programme Singapore (CISG)\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>Carbon Integrity SG is a research programme funded by the Singaporean government with a mission is to develop and strengthen capabilities in the accounting, monitoring, and quality assurance of nature-based carbon projects across Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-geospatial-science\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/geospatial-science\/\">\r\n                                                    Geospatial Science                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                                    Quantitative Sustainability                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. In this example, it applies when width <= 991px.\r\n    if ($(window).width() <= 768) {\r\n      var $content = $('body'); \/\/ Adjust selector based on your markup.\r\n      var contentWidth = $content.outerWidth();\r\n      var contentOffset = $content.offset().left;\r\n      \r\n      \/\/ Apply new styles to the modal dialog.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').css({\r\n        'width': contentWidth + 'px',\r\n        'left': contentOffset + 'px',\r\n        'margin': '0',           \/\/ Remove default margins.\r\n        'position': 'absolute'   \/\/ Use absolute so left offset works properly.\r\n      });\r\n    } else {\r\n      \/\/ On larger screens, remove the inline styles.\r\n      $('.modal').find('.modal-dialog').removeAttr('style');\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ When a modal is about to be shown, adjust its dimensions.\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n  \r\n  \/\/ Optional: Adjust on window resize if needed.\r\n  $(window).on('resize', function() {\r\n    adjustModal();\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n                        <!-- Use Bootstrap column classes for dynamic screen sizes -->\r\n            <div class=\"col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12 mb-4\">\r\n                <div class=\"card h-100\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#postModal-6421\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\">\r\n                                            <div class=\"card\">\r\n                            <div class=\"card-image-hover\">\r\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Naima-Project-NI-C-flux-sampling-Tanah-Merah-1024x771.jpeg\" alt=\"NUS-Temasek Blue Carbon Project\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"hover-overlay\">\r\n                                        <div class=\"hover-text\">\r\n                                            READ MORE \r\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/rp-arrow-right.svg\" \r\n                                                alt=\"Arrow Icon\" class=\"hover-icon\">\r\n                                        <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"border-box\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>    \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                                        <div class=\"card-body d-flex flex-column\">\r\n\r\n                    <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                    <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                        AEC                    <\/a>\r\n                    <\/p>\r\n\r\n                        <h5 class=\"card-title\">NUS-Temasek Blue Carbon Project<\/h5>\r\n                        <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                            <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                            <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/naima-iram\/\">Naima Iram<\/a> <br> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/ariq-k\/\">Muhammad Ariq Khalingga<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                        <\/span>\r\n                        <span class=\"card-text\"><p>This is a regional blue carbon project that aims to quantify robust and defensible blue carbon budgets of mangroves and seagrasses across Southeast Asia by 1) laboratory experiments &amp; in-situ carbon stocks and flux measurements, 2) by using advanced technology to improve the reporting, monitoring and verification protocols and 3) capacity building in blue carbon science.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                                                            <div class=\"category-chips\">\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-applied-ecology-and-biology\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/applied-ecology-and-biology\/\">\r\n                                            Applied Ecology and Biology                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                            Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                            Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                        <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                            Quantitative Sustainability                                        <\/a>\r\n                                    <\/span>\r\n                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                            <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n                      <!-- Modal -->\r\n            <div class=\"modal fade\" id=\"postModal-6421\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"postModalLabel-6421\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <div class=\"modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-dialog-scrollable\" role=\"document\">\r\n                    <div class=\"modal-content\">\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-header\">\r\n                            <button type=\"button\" class=\"close\" data-dismiss=\"modal\" aria-label=\"Close\">\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/themes\/nusthemev4\/includes\/research_projects\/assets\/close-btn.svg\" \/>\r\n\r\n                            <!--<span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span>-->\r\n                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"modal-body\">\r\n                            <p class=\"lab-title\">\r\n                                <a href=\"\/cncs\/research\/aec\" class=\"lab-link\" onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\">\r\n                                    AEC                                <\/a>\r\n                            <\/p>\r\n                            <h5 class=\"card-title-wrap\">NUS-Temasek Blue Carbon Project<\/h5>\r\n                            <span class=\"researcher-name-div\">\r\n                                <i class=\"fa-solid fa-user\"><\/i>\r\n                                <h5 ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/naima-iram\/\">Naima Iram<\/a> <br> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/ariq-k\/\">Muhammad Ariq Khalingga<\/a><\/h5>\r\n                            <\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"modal-content-wrapper\">\r\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wrapped-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nus.edu.sg\/cncs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Naima-Project-NI-C-flux-sampling-Tanah-Merah-1024x771.jpeg\" alt=\"NUS-Temasek Blue Carbon Project\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"card-text-wrap\"><p>This is a regional blue carbon project that aims to quantify robust and defensible blue carbon budgets of mangroves and seagrasses across Southeast Asia by 1) laboratory experiments &amp; in-situ carbon stocks and flux measurements, 2) by using advanced technology to improve the reporting, monitoring and verification protocols and 3) capacity building in blue carbon science.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"category-chips-wrap\">\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-applied-ecology-and-biology\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/applied-ecology-and-biology\/\">\r\n                                                    Applied Ecology and Biology                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-climate-mitigation-adaptation\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/climate-mitigation-adaptation\/\">\r\n                                                    Climate Mitigation &amp; Adaptation                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-finance-policy-governance\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/finance-policy-governance\/\">\r\n                                                    Finance, Policy &amp; Governance                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                                    <span class=\"chip chip-quantitative-sustainability\">\r\n                                                <a onclick=\"event.stopPropagation();\" href=\"\/cncs\/research\/quantitative-sustainability\/\">\r\n                                                    Quantitative Sustainability                                                <\/a>\r\n                                            <\/span>\r\n                                                                            <\/div>\r\n                                                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <!-- Modal script -->\r\n\r\n            <script>\r\n                var scrollPosition = 0;\r\n                jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n                \/\/ When any modal is shown, record the current scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        scrollPosition = $(window).scrollTop();\r\n                    });\r\n\r\n                    \/\/ When the modal is hidden, restore the scroll position\r\n                    $('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {\r\n                        $(window).scrollTop(scrollPosition);\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            <\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  $('.modal').on('show.bs.modal', function(){\r\n    \/\/ Detach the modal and append it directly to <body>\r\n    $(this).detach().appendTo('body');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the modal's CSS to ensure it is fixed and on top\r\n    $(this).css({\r\n      'position': 'fixed',\r\n      'z-index': 9999\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Set the backdrop to a lower z-index\r\n    $('.modal-backdrop').css({\r\n      'z-index': 9989\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n  \/\/ Function to adjust the modal on mobile only.\r\n  function adjustModal() {\r\n    \/\/ Set your mobile breakpoint. 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