Speakers: Professor Ajit Yoganathan

Regents Professor 
Assoc Chair of Biomedical Engineering Dept 
Codirector of Bioengineering Center 
Codirector of Emory/Georgia Tech Biomedical, Technology Center 
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 

Professor KB Chandran 
Lowell G. Battershell Professor 
Chairman, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering 
University of Iowa, USA 

Associate Professor Yean-Teng Lim
Chief, Cardiac Department, National University Hospital, Singapore 
Head, Cardiology Division, National University of Singapore 

Associate Professor Eugene Sim Kwang Wei
Consultant and Head, Cardio-thoracic Surgery Division 
National University of Singapore 

Program

1.15pm - 1.30pm Registration 

State of the Art Research
1.30 pm -2.15 pm A. Yoganathan - Quantitative Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease 
2.15 pm - 3.00 pm KB Chandran - Modelling of Flow Dynamics in Blood Vessels 
3.00 pm - 3.30 pm Coffee Break 

Clinical Applications
3.30 pm - 4.15 pm YT Lim - Coronary Circulation and Flow Assessment 
4.15 pm - 5.00 pm EKY Sim - Innovative Engineering Solutions in Cardiac Surgery 
5.00 pm - 5.30 pm Panel Discussion - A. Yoganathan (Chairman), KB Chandran, YT Lim, EKY Sim 

Workshop Objectives
Heart disease in Singapore is the second leading cause of death, a serious health concern which gives impetus for cardiovascular bioengineering research. This life-science workshop aims to bring together a multidisciplinary pool of bioengineers and clinicians, from Singapore and abroad, to discuss future trends in this important field. Participants will benefit from opportunities to interact with their peers and with the outstanding Speakers: 

? From USA, two distinguished academicians in cardiac and vascular bioengineering research 
? From Singapore, two leading medical practitioners in cardiology and cardiac-surgery 

The Speakers will present an overview of the state-of -the art in cardiovascular bioengineering from the research and clinical perspectives. It provide insights on the recent advances in:

? Non-invasive medical imaging techniques in cardiology 
? Imaging modalities for 3-D reconstruction of coronary arteries 
? Coronary flow assessment in cardiology 
? Fluid mechanics concepts in cardiovascular disease 
? Computational fluid-dynamics modelling of coronary arteries 
? New technologies in minimally-invasive cardiac surgery 

Who should attend? 

The workshop will be of benefit to: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

• Bioengineers 
• Cardiologists 
• Cardiac Surgeons 

Enquiries : Ms Yvonne Tan or Ms Jong Hui Sian for more information at 
Professional Activities Centre
Faculty of Engineering 
National University of Singapore
9 Engineering Drive 1
Blk EA #04-10
Singapore 117576

Fax: (65) 874 5097 / (65) 777 3847
Tel : (65) 874 5113/ (65) 7782314 or 
Email :enggen31@nus.edu.sg ;engjhs@nus.edu.sg

Fee : US$150.00 or S$260.00 (GST exempted) 

Payment : Payment is required prior to the course. Crossed cheques should be made payable to "ICBME" and mailed together with the registration form to the mentioned address.

Closing Date: 28 November 2000 

Lecture 1: QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE

Professor Ajit Yoganathan
Regents Professor 

Assoc Chair of Biomedical Engineering Dept 
Codirector of Bioengineering Center 
Codirector of Emory/Georgia Tech Biomedical, Technology Center 
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 

Course Objectives
Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiac related morbidity and mortality, especially in Southeast Asia. Early detection and continuous quantitative assessment of the progression and/or treatment of the disease, is critical to the long term survival and quality of life of patients. Fluid mechanic principles and techniques have been applied in vitro to study, understand and quantify clinically significant parameters such as: valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, velocity and turbulence, and blood element damage that leads to thrombosis and thromboembolic complications. The recent advent of quantitative non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound Doppler (UD) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has allowed the cardiologists and cardiac surgeons to translate these fluid mechanical principals and results to the clinical arena. This course will be of particular befit to biomedical engineers, cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Fluid mechanical principals and concepts, and in vitro and clinical measurement techniques that provide a fundamental understanding of valvular heart disease will be discussed.

 Course Lecturer: Prof. Ajit Yoganathan
Prof. Yoganathan has been active in the areas of cardiovascular fluid mechanics, cardiovascular devices and biomedical engineering for the past two decades. He has conducted pioneering fundamental research on the fluid mechanics of artificial heart valves and published extensively in this field. His recent work concentrates on using cardiac Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for non-invasively studying blood flow patterns in the heart. This work has led to techniques that for the very first time permit quantitative analysis of valvular regurgitation. Prof. Yoganathan's research is supported by both government and industrial organizations. His medical collaborations include the Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Emory University, University of North Carolina, and NIH. In 1985 Prof. Yoganathan was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship from West Germany to spend nine months at the Helmholtx Institute of Biomedical Research, Technical University of Aachen. In 1988, he received the Edwin Walker Prize from the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, U.K., and in 1992 he was elected a Founding Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering. In 1992 he spent 6 month in Denmark as a Visiting Professor of the Danish Research Academy. He is a member of the International Standards Organization Subcommittee on Artificial Heart Valves, and a past member (1988-91) of the NIH Surgery and Bioengineering Study Section. He is currently chairman of the ASME Biofluid Mechanics Committee. Dr. Yoganathan is a consultant to the FDA and the heart valve and cardiac ultrasound industries.

Lecture 2: MODELLING OF FLOW DYNAMICS IN BLOOD VESSELS 

Professor KB Chandran 
Lowell G. Battershell Professor 
Chairman, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering 
University of Iowa, USA 

Course Objectives:
The effect of flow induced stresses have been linked to the etiology of Vascular diseases. The initiation and development of atherosclerotic plaques are thought to be the result of wall shear stresses induced by the blood flow in curvature and bifurcation sites. Attempts have been made to determine a cause-effect relationship between the peak wall shear stress, the time-averaged mean wall shear stress, as well as oscillatory shear stress during a cardiac cycle with the etiology of atherosclerotic plaques. Recent efforts have concentrated on the effect of externally induced stresses on the endothelial cells and for a better understanding of these relationships, an accurate estimate of velocity profiles in the various segments of the human blood vessels and the spatial and temporal wall shear stress distribution is necessary. In vivo measurements of velocity profiles in humans and detailed measurements of wall shear stress distribution are not practical. In vitro measurements in simulated physiological flow are also expensive and will yield limited data. With the advent of various non-invasive and minimally invasive imaging modalities, morphologically realistic three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of vascular segments has become a reality. With the aid of sophisticated computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis to simulate physiological pulsatile flow in complex distensible geometry of the vascular segments, detailed computation of velocity profiles and wall shear stress distribution are possible. In this presentation, some examples of such simulations and important considerations in modeling of blood flow in vascular segments will be discussed.

Course Lecturer: Prof KB Chandran
Prof KB Chandran obtained his M.S. (Mechanical Engineering) and D.Sc. (Mechanical Engineering) from the Washington University, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.in 1969 and 1972 respectively. Professor (July 1984 to date) in the Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering He has been awarded the NATO Fellowship for Advanced Study Institute in Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics in Houston in 1975 and the Old Gold Fellowship in University of Iowa in 1979. For excellence in research in the area of Biomechanics, he was given the Borelli award from the American Society of Biomechanics in 1988. He has been elected to Fellow grade of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1989, Senior Member of Biomedical Engineering Society in 1992, Fellow of American Insitute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) in 1995. He is a Member of NHLBI Surgery and Bioengineering Chartered Study Section (7/96-6/2000). He is a Reviewer of several international journals: Applied Mechanics Reviews, J. Applied Mechanics, J. Sound and Vibration, J. Biomechanics, J. Biomechanics, J. Biomechanical Engineering, J. Fluid Mechanics, Circulation Research, Circulation, Annals of Biomedical Engineering. He received the University of Iowa College of Engineering award for Exceptional Service, 1995. He served in the NIH Surgery and Bioengineering Study Section from 1996-2000. In July 2000, he was named as the Lowell G. Battershell Professor of Biomedical Engineering.

 Lecture 3: CORONARY CIRCULATION AND FLOW ASSESSMENT

Assoc. Professor Yean-Teng Lim
Chief, Cardiac Department, National University Hospital, Singapore 
Head, Cardiology Division, National University of Singapore 

Course Objectives 
Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Singapore. By far, the most important subset is ischaemic heart disease, and coronary atherosclerosis is the underlying etiology in the majority of IHD patients. Myocardial ischaemia is the result of imbalance in oxygen supply and demand. The gold standard of diagnosing obstructive coronary lesions is the coronary angiogram. The problem of knowing whether a given coronary artery stenosis will cause myocardial ischaemia, and whether revascularizing the lesion will alleviate ischaemia is an important questions for all practicing cardiologists. Traditionally, we rely on non-invasive function testing (e.g. exercise and pharmacological stress tests) with or without some form of imaging system (e.g. radionuclide scans and echocardiography) to provide us with an answer. Newer techniques like magnetic resonance and ultrafast electron beam computer tomography is being developed too. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, interventionists are using intravascular ultrasound, coronary flow reserve measurement, and pressure-derived fractional flow reserve to help in decision-making with respect to the adequacy and appropriateness of revascularizing a particular lesion. However, direct information about myocardial perfusion is still unavailable in most instances. In this presentation, the various tests commonly employed and their strength and weakness will be discussed, illustrated by clinical cases. 

Course Lecturer: A/P Lim Yean Teng
A/Prof Lim Yean Teng is Chief, Cardiac Department, National University Hospital and Head, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore. Prof Lim graduated from the National University of Singapore. He completed his postgraduate training in Internal Medicine in Singapore, and underwent cardiology training at the Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia and the National University Hospital in Singapore. He then spent 18 months at the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama 

at Birmingham, USA as both nuclear and interventional fellow. Under his leadership, the cardiac catheterisation laboratory and interventional programme at the National University Hospital has made major progress in the past few years in clinical excellence as well as in research. He has been invited as Faculty Staff for many courses in the area of Interventional Cardiology both in Singapore and other Asian countries, including Hongkong, Japan, Korea, Australia and China. He is also a Visiting Consultant to the National Heart Centre in Singapore, and holds Honorary Professorship at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China, and is a Visiting Professor of JiuQuan Regional Hospital, GanSu Province, People's Republic of China.

Lecture 4: INNOVATIVE ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS IN CARDIAC SURGERY

 Associate Professor Eugene Sim Kwang Wei

Consultant and Head, Cardio-thoracic Surgery Division 

National University of Singapore 

Course Objectives
Heart diseases is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing societies in South East Asia. Many of these conditions require surgical treatment. Open Heart surgery is one of the commonest procedures performed in major hospitals today. However, many problems encountered in performing surgical procedures can be solved by innovative engineering solutions. In this course some of the problems faced by cardiac surgeons requiring unique engineering solutions will be discussed. 

Course Lecturer: A/P Eugene Sim
Associate Professor Eugene Sim obtained his MBBS from the National University of Singapore and his Fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Glasgow. In addition to his basic cardiac surgical training in Singapore, he also pursued fellowships in cardiothoracic surgery training at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. He is currently head of cardiothoracic surgery at National University Hospital and reviewer of several international journals as well as on the editorial board of several journals. 

His major interests include adult cardiac surgery and minimally invasive cardiac surgery as well as cell transplantation for myocardial repair in gene therapy in angiogenesis. He has more than 50 international publications and book chapters to his credit.